Satisfaction in a Spanish international and interdisciplinary doctoral studies: the impact of motivation, critical thinking,and academic engagement

Main Article Content

Sonia San Martín-Gutiérrez
Patricia Otero-Felipe

Abstract

This paper explores the factors that affect the satisfaction of
doctoral students, making a special emphasis and focus on subjective
variables such as motivation, critical thinking and academic
engagement, aspects that have been scarcely addressed in
previous literature. In the context of the growing significance of
doctoral studies for academic and institutional development, this
study aims to identify the motivations underlying the pursuit and
choice of a doctoral program and the different types of critical
thinking that students possess. Additionally, it seeks to explore
how these factors interact with each other and how they impact
the academic experience of doctoral students in a differentiated
way. The research was conducted at a public Spanish university
using a mixed-method approach that included semi-structured
interviews and surveys administered to doctoral students. The
findings reveal that learning motivation and academic engagement
are crucial determinants of students’ satisfaction with their
doctoral studies. Furthermore, and while most critical thinking
dimensions do not have a direct impact on the doctoral student’s
satisfaction, perceived utility does exert a notable effect on satisfaction.
Results provide valuable practical implications for doctoral
program managers, who may implement strategies to enhance
students’ experience, thereby contributing to the improvement of
doctoral training.

Article Details

Section
MISCELLANEOUS SECTION
Author Biographies

Sonia San Martín-Gutiérrez , Universidad de Burgos

Dra. Sonia San Martín es profesora Catedrática de Marketing, fue directora de la Oficina de Marketing y del MBA en la UBU, fue miembro de la Comisión Docentia y de la Comisión de Investigación de la UBU y miembro de la Junta Directiva de AEMARK. Tiene cinco quinquenios y tres sexenios, es directora del grupo de investigación I+M+i y del grupo de Innovación Docente I.M.@.G.E. Ha dirigido cinco tesis doctorales, participado en más de veinte proyectos de investigación de la Junta de Castilla y León, Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia, Fundación Ramón Areces y Unión Europea. Sus trabajos han sido publicados en más de cien revistas nacionales e internacionales de impacto. Ha recibido premios de FEC, CES, ESIC y AEDIPE. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5030-9669 

Patricia Otero-Felipe, Universidad de Burgos

Dra. Patricia Otero Felipe es profesora Titular en el Área de Ciencia Política de la Universidad de Burgos. Es Doctora en Ciencia Política por la Universidad de Salamanca. Ha sido investigadora postdoctoral del Ministerio de Educación en la Universidad de Pittsburgh (Estados Unidos) y profesora en las Universidades de Salamanca y Vasco de Quiroga (México). Tiene dos sexenios de investigación y tres quinquenios. Miembro de la Comisión Docentia y Vocal en ANECA (Verifica). Es directora del grupo de innovación docente CPOLInnova y ha participado en veinte proyectos de investigación del Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia y Junta de Castilla y León. Sus trabajos han sido publicados en revistas de impacto nacionales e internacionales.

References

Astin, A.W. (1993). What matters in College? Four critical years revisited. The Journal of Higher Education, 22, 74-75. https://doi.org/10.2307/1176821

Barnes, B. J. y Randall, J. (2012). Doctoral student satisfaction: An examination of disciplinary, enrollment, and institutional differences. Research in Higher Education, 53, 47-75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11162-011-9225-4

Barrientos de Bojórquez, N. A. (2024). Incrementar la innovación educativa en el nivel superior a través del engagement académico. Revista Científica Avances en Ciencia y Docencia, 1(2), 21-31. https://doi.org/10.70939/revistadiged.v1i2.8

Berrio-Calle, J. E., Valencia-Arias, A., Vélez-Holguín, R. M. y Arango-Botero, D. (2022). Motivación para realizar estudios de posgrado: Un modelo de probabilidad. Formación Universitaria, 15(5), 27-36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-50062022000500027

Bolliger, D. U. y Halupa, C. (2012). Student perceptions of satisfaction and anxiety in an online doctoral program. Distance Education, 33(1), 81-98. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2012.667961

Braun, V. y Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa

Cavazos Arroyo, J. y Encinas Orozco, J. C. (2016). Influencia del engagement académico en la lealtad de estudiantes de posgrado: Un abordaje a través de un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales. Estudios Gerenciales, 32, 228-238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.estger.2016.07.001

Cheng, M., Taylor, J., Williams, J. y Tong, K. (2016). Student satisfaction and perceptions of quality: Testing the linkages for PhD students. Higher Education Research & Development, 35(6), 1153-1166. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2016.1160873

Coelho-Martinho, R. y Conde-Pérez, J. (2013). Repercusión de la ansiedad sobre el engagement en estudiantes de enfermería. Agora de Enfermería, 17(3), 120-127.

Cohen, L., Manion, L. y Morrison, K. (2018). Research methods in education (8th ed.). Routledge.

De Clercq, M., Frenay, M., Azzi, A., Klein, O. y Galand, B. (2021). All you need is self-determination: Investigation of PhD students’ motivation profiles and their impact on the doctoral completion process. International Journal of Doctoral Studies, 16, 189-209. https://doi.org/10.28945/4702

De la Vega, L. F. (2024). ¿Cuáles son las características de un programa de doctorado de calidad? Una revisión sistemática de la literatura. European Public & Social Innovation Review, 9, 118. https://doi.org/10.31637/epsir-2024-1664

Deci, E. L y Ryan, R. M. (2000). Self- determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development and well-being. American Psychologits, 68-78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68

Dericks, G., Thompson, E., Roberts, M. y Phua, F. (2019). Determinants of PhD student satisfaction: The roles of supervisor, department, and peer qualities. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 44(7), 1053-1068. https://doi.org/10.1080/02602938.2019.1570484

Fabara, E. (2012). La formación de Posgrado en Educación en el Ecuador. Alteridad. Revista de Educación, 7(2), 92-105.

Groccia, J.E. (2018), What Is Student Engagement? Teaching and Learning, 154, 11-20. https://doi.org/10.1002/tl.20287

Herzberg, F. (1954). Work and the Nature of Man. The World of Publishing Company, 71-91.

Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. y Sarstedt, M. (2017). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) (2ª ed.). Sage Publications.

Hamui-Sutton, A. (2013). Un acercamiento a los métodos mixtos de investigación en educación médica. Inv Ed Med, 2(8), 211-216.

Katz, E., Blumler, J. G. y Gurevitch, M. (1973). Uses and Gratifications Research. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 37(4), 509-523. https://doi.org/10.1086/268109

Kobylarek, A., Błaszczyński, K., Ślósarz, L. y Madej, M. (2022). Critical Thinking Questionnaire (CThQ) -construction and application of critical thinking test tool. Andragogy Adult Education and Social Marketing. http://dx.doi.org/10.15503/andr2022.1

Korobova, N. y Starobin, S. S. (2015). A comparative study of student engagement, satisfaction, and academic success among international students. Journal of International Students, 5(1), 72-85. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v5i1.444

Lawson, M. y Lawson, H. A. (2013). New conceptual frameworks for student engagement. Review of Educational Research, 83(3), 432-479. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654313480891

Lent, R., Singley, D., Sheu, H., Schmidt, J. y Schmidt, L. (2007). Relation of social-cognitive factors to academic satisfaction in engineering students. Journal of Career Assessment, 15, 87-97. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072706294518

Mason, M. M. (2012). Motivation, satisfaction, and innate psychological needs. International Journal of Doctoral Studies, 7, 259-277. https://doi.org/10.28945/1596

Maslow, A. H. (1954). Motivation and Personality. Harper & Row Publishers.

McClelland, D. C. (1961). The Achieving Society. Van Nostrand.

Mueller, E. F., Flickinger, M. y Dorner, V. (2015). Knowledge junkies or career builders? A mixed-methods approach to exploring the determinants of students' intention to earn a PhD. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 90, 75-89 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2015.07.001

Murphy, P. K., Kim, T., Joy, E. E., Shein, B. y Allan, B. A. (2025). Social mobility through doctoral education: Exploring identity, classism, and belongingness. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 18(1), 16-24. https://doi.org/10.1037/dhe0000477

Nogueira, M. J., Antunes, J. y Sequeira, C. (2019). Development and psychometric study of the academic life satisfaction scale (ALSS) in a higher education students’ sample. Nursing and Health Care International Journal, 3(2). http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/NHIJ-16000183

Perales-Mejía, F. de J. (2020). Estudio de egresados en un programa de posgrado en educación. Alteridad, 15(2), 256-269. https://doi.org/10.17163/alt.v15n2.2020.09

Pinto Zipp, G. y Olson, V. (2008). Infusing the mentorship model of education for the promotion of critical thinking in doctoral education. Journal of College Teaching & Learning, 5(9), 29-36. https://doi.org/10.19030/tlc.v5i9.1229

Portalanza, A., Grueso-Hinestroza, M. P. y Duque, E. (2017). Propiedades de la Utrecht Work Engagement Scale UWES-S 9: Análisis exploratorio con estudiantes en Ecuador. Innovar. Revista de Ciencias Administrativas y Sociales, 27(64), 145-156. https://doi.org/10.15446/innovar.v27n64.62374

Renata, R., Wardiah, D. y Kristiawan, M. (2018). The influence of headmaster’s supervision and achievement motivation on effective teachers. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 7(4), 44-49.

Richard, P. y Elder, L. (2011). Critical thinking: Tools for taking charge of your learning and your life (3rd ed.). Financial Times Prentice Hall.

Ruggiero, T. E. (2000). Uses and gratifications theory in the 21st Century. Mass Communication & Society, 3, 3-37. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327825MCS0301_02

Stubb, J., Pyhältö, K. y Lonka, K. (2011). Balancing between inspiration and exhaustion: PhD students’ experienced socio-psychological well-being. Studies in Continuing Education, 33(1), 33–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/0158037X.2010.515572

Vallerand, R. J., Pelletier, L. G., Blais, M. R., Brière, N. M., Senécal, C. y Vallières, E. F. (1992). The Academic Motivation Scale: A measure of intrinsic, extrinsic, and amotivation in education. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 52(4), 1003-1017. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164492052004025

Vendrell-Morancho, M., Rodríguez-Mantilla, J. M. y Fernández-Díaz, M. J. (2024). Predictores del Pensamiento Crítico en Estudiantes Universitarios Españoles. REICE. Revista Iberoamericana sobre Calidad, Eficacia y Cambio en Educación, 22(3), 23-45. https://doi.org/10.15366/reice2024.22.3.002

Vergara-Morales, J., Del Valle, M., Díaz, A. y Pérez, M. V. (2018). Adaptación de la escala de satisfacción académica en estudiantes universitarios chilenos. Psicología Educativa, 24, 99-106. https://doi.org/10.5093/psed2018a15

Yeh, Y. S. y Li, Y. M. (2009). Building trust in m‐commerce: Contributions from quality and satisfaction. Online Information Review, 33(6), 1066-1086. https://doi.org/10.1108/14684520911011016

Zhao, C. M., Golde, C. M. y McCormick, A. C. (2007). More than a signature: How advisor choice and advisor behaviour affect doctoral student satisfaction. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 31(3), 263-281. https://doi.org/10.1080/03098770701424983

Zipp, G. y Olson, V. (2022). Infusing the mentorship model of education for the promotion of critical thinking in doctoral education. Journal of College Learning & Teaching Learning, 5(9), 0-16. https://doi.org/10.19030/tlc.v5i9.1229

Zumárraga-Espinosa, M. y Cevallos-Pozo, G. (2022). Autoeficacia, procrastinación y rendimiento académico en estudiantes universitarios de Ecuador. Alteridad, 17(2), 277-290. https://doi.org/10.17163/alt.v17n2.2022.08