La creencia en fake news y su rol en el acatamiento de medidas contra COVID-19 en México
Barra lateral del artículo
Publicado:
Aug 4, 2021
Actualizado:
2021-08-04
Palabras clave:
Consumo de medios, desinformación, COVID-19, redes sociales, fake news, México
Contenido principal del artículo
Resumen
Durante la pandemia por la COVID-19, las fake news proliferaron y con ello la preocupación de que estas afecten el comportamiento ante la enfermedad. Mediante una encuesta semi-representativa en México (N=1211), este estudio analiza un proceso mediacional para determinar el impacto del uso de medios tradicionales y sociales en el acatamiento de medidas de prevención de contagio, a través de la percepción de veracidad de fake news sobre COVID-19. Como se anticipaba, los resultados indican que creer en noticias falsas conduce a un menor cumplimiento de medidas preventivas. Asimismo, el análisis indica que, en congruencia con nuestra hipótesis, usar redes sociales lleva a creer más en fake news, pero contrario a lo esperado, consumir medios tradicionales también deriva en mayor creencia de noticias falsas. Particularmente, el estudio exploró el rol mediador de la creencia en fake news en el efecto del uso de medios tradicionales y sociales en el seguimiento de medidas preventivas. Se encontró evidencia de este efecto indirecto: el uso de medios tradicionales y sociales es un predictor de creer fake news sobre COVID-19, lo cual resulta en un menor acatamiento de medidas. En cambio, el efecto directo de usar medios tradicionales y sociales sobre el acatamiento de medidas tiene una dirección positiva. Así, este trabajo evidencia que las fake news pueden obstaculizar la resolución de la crisis sanitaria, desincentivando el cumplimiento de estrategias precautorias.
Detalles del artículo
Sección
Miscelánea
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Copyright: The Salesian Polytechnic University preserves the copyrights of the published articles, and favors and allows their reuse under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Ecuador license. They may be copied, used, disseminated, transmitted and publicly displayed, provided that: i) the authorship and the original source of their publication (journal, editorial and work URL) are cited; (Ii) are not used for commercial purposes; Iii) mention the existence and specifications of this license.
Referencias
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Bridgman, A., Merkley, E., Loewen, P., Owen, T., Ruths, D., Teichmann, L. y Zhilin, O. (2020). The causes and consequences of COVID-19 misperceptions: Understanding the role of news and social media. The Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review, 1. https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-028
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Calvillo, D.P., Ross, B.J., García, R.J.B., Smelter, T.J., Rutchick, A.M. (2020). Political ideology predicts perceptions of the threat of COVID-19 (and susceptibility to fake news about it). Social Psychological and Personality Science, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550620940539
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Marwick, A. (2018). Why do people share fake news? .A sociotechnical model of media effects. Georgetown Law Technology Review, 474-512. https:/doi.org/10.1177/1464884917730217
Moscadelli, A., Albora, G., Biamonte, M., Giorgetti, D., Innocenzio, M., Paoli, S., Lorini, C., Bonanni, P. y Bonaccorsi, G. (2020). Fake News and Covid-19 in Italy: Results of a Quantitative Observational Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5850). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165850
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Muñiz, C. (2020). Media system dependency and change in risk perception during the COVID-19 pandemic. Trípodos, 1(47), 11–26..
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Nyhan, B. y Reifler, B. (2012). Misinformation and Fact-checking: Research Findings from Social Science. New America Foundation. Consultado en https://www.dartmouth.edu/~nyhan/Misinformation_and_Fact-checking.pdf
Organización Mundial de la Salud (2020, abril 17). Manejo de la Infodemia: un componente clave de la respuesta mundial al COVID-19. Reporte Epidemiológico Semanal,16(95), 145-160. Consultado en https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/WER9516-eng-fre.pdf
Pennycook, G., McPhetres, J., Zhang, Y. y Rand, D. (2020). Fighting COVID-19 misinformation on social media: Experimental evidence for a scalable accuracy nudge intervention. Psychological Science, 31(7), 770-780. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797620939054
Picard, R. y Yeo, M. (2011). Medical and health news and information in
the UK media: The current state of knowledge. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. Consultado en https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2017-11/Media%20and%20UK%20Health.pdf
Pickard, V. (2016). Media Failures in the Age of Trump Victor. The Political Economy of Communication, 4(2), 118–122.
Pulido, C., Villarejo-Carballido, B., Redondo-Sama, G. y Gómez, A. (2020). COVID-19 infodemic: More retweets for science-based information on coronavirus than for false information. International Sociology, 35(4), 377-392. httpps://doi.org/10.1177/0268580920914755
Seale, C. (2002). Media and Health. Sage Publications.
Soederberg Miller, L. y Bell, R. (2011). Online health information seeking: The influence of age, information trustworthiness, and search challenges. J Aging Health, 24(3), 525-41. https://doi.org/10.1177/0898264311428167.
Song, H., Gil de Zúñiga, H. y Boomgaarden, H. (2020). Social Media News Use and Political Cynicism: Differential Pathways Through “News Finds Me” Perception. Mass Communication and Society, 23(1), 47-70. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2019.1651867
Suárez, V., Suárez Quezada, M., Oros Ruiz, S. y Ronquillo de Jesús, E. ( 2020). Epidemiología de COVID-19 en México: del 27 de febrero al 30 de abril de 2020. Revista Clínica Española, 220 (8), 463-471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rce.2020.05.007
Tandoc Jr., E. (2019). The facts of fake news: A research review. Sociology Compass, 13(9), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12724
Tandoc Jr., E., Jenkins, J. y Craft, S. (2019). Fake News as a Critical Incident in Journalism. Journalism Practice, 13 (6), 673-689. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2018.1562958
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (2020). Además de pandemia por COVID-19, México enfrenta propagación de noticias falsas. Boletín UNAM. https://www.dgcs.unam.mx/boletin/bdboletin/2020_318.html
Van Duyn, E. y Collier, J. (2019). Priming and fake news: The effects of elite discourse on evaluations of news media. Mass Communication and Society, 22(1), 29-48. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2018.1511807
Valera, S. (2020, 22 de abril). “Cristina Tardáguila: ‘Estamos ante la peor ola de desinformación de la historia’”. Asociación de la Prensa de Madrid. Consultado el 20 de octubre de 2020 en
https://www.apmadrid.es/cristina-tardaguila-estamos-ante-la-peor-ola-de-desinformacion-de-la-historia
Vos, T., y Thomas, R. (2018). The Discursive Construction of Journalistic Authority in a Post-Truth Age. Journalism Studies 19(13), 2001–2010. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2018.1492879
Wagner, M.C. y Boczkowski, P. (2019). The Reception of Fake News: The Interpretations and Practices That Shape the Consumption of Perceived Misinformation. Digital Journalism, 7(7), 870-885. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2019.1653208
Wang, Y., McKee, M., Torbica, A. y Stuckler, D. (2019). Systematic literature review on the spread of health-related misinformation on social media. Social Science & Medicine, 240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112552
Wasserman, H. y Madrid-Morales, D. (2019). An exploratory study of “fake news” and media trust in Kenya, Nigeria and South Africa. African Journalism Studies, 40 (1), 107-123. http://doi.org/10.1080/23743670.2019.1627230
Xaudiera, S. y Cardenal, A. (2020). Ibuprofen narratives in five European countries during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review, 1. https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-029
Zapata, A. (2020, agosto 16). De marzo a julio, 1, 294 notass falsas sobre covid-19 en Méxicol. Excelsior. Consultado el 20 de octubre de 2020 en https://www.excelsior.com.mx/nacional/de-marzo-a-julio-1294-notas-falsas-sobre-covid-19-en-mexico/1400229
Zaracostas, J. (2020, febrero 20). How to fight an infodemic. The Lancet. Consultado el 20 de octubre de 2020 en https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30461-X/fulltext
Zhang, L., Kong, Y. y Chang, H. (2015). Media use and health behavior in H1N1 flu crisis: The mediating role of perceived knowledge and fear. Atlantic Journal of Communication, 23(2), 67-80. https://doi.org/10.1080/15456870.2015.1013101
Allcott, H., y Gentzkow, M. (2017, abril). Social media and fake news in the 2016 election. (NBER Working Paper No. 23089). Consultado en http://www.nber.org/papers/w23089
Bago, B., Rand, D. G., & Pennycook, G. (2020). Fake news, fast and slow: Deliberation reduces belief in false (but not true) news headlines. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 149(8), 1608–1613. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000729
Bârg?oanu, A. y Radu, L. (2018). Fake News or Disinformation 2.0? Some Insights into Romanians’ Digital Behaviour. Romanian Journal of European Affairs, 18(1), 24-38.
Bridgman, A., Merkley, E., Loewen, P., Owen, T., Ruths, D., Teichmann, L. y Zhilin, O. (2020). The causes and consequences of COVID-19 misperceptions: Understanding the role of news and social media. The Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review, 1. https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-028
Bryant, J., Thompson, S. y Finklea, B. (2013). Fundamentals of media effects. Waveland Press.
Calvillo, D.P., Ross, B.J., García, R.J.B., Smelter, T.J., Rutchick, A.M. (2020). Political ideology predicts perceptions of the threat of COVID-19 (and susceptibility to fake news about it). Social Psychological and Personality Science, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550620940539
Encuesta Nacional de Consumo de Contenidos Audiovisuales 2018 (2018). Instituto Federal de Telecomunicaciones. Consultado en http://www.ift.org.mx/sites/default/files/contenidogeneral/medios-y-contenidos-audiovisuales/encca18nacional.pdf
Garrett, K. (2011). Troubling consequences of online political rumoring. Human Communication Research, 37, 255-274. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2010.01401.x
Garrett, K. (2019). Social media’s contribution to political misperceptions in U.S. Presidential elections. PLoS ONE, 14(3), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213500
Guess, A., Nagler, J. y Tucker, J. (2019).Less than you think: Prevalence and predictors of fake news dissemination on Facebook. Science Advances, 5. 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau4586
Gurevitch, M. y Blumer, J. (1990). Political Communication Systems and Democratic Values. En J. Lichtenberg (Ed.), Democracy and the Mass Media (pp. 25-35). Cambridge University Press.
Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
Jamieson, K. y Albarracín, D. (2020). The relation between media consumption and misinformation at the outset of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in the US. The Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review, 1. https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-012
Jones-Jang, S.M., Kim, D.H., Kenski, K. (2020). Predict political cynicism: Evidence from a two-wave survey during the 2018 US midterm elections. New Media & Society, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820943878
Marwick, A. (2018). Why do people share fake news? .A sociotechnical model of media effects. Georgetown Law Technology Review, 474-512. https:/doi.org/10.1177/1464884917730217
Moscadelli, A., Albora, G., Biamonte, M., Giorgetti, D., Innocenzio, M., Paoli, S., Lorini, C., Bonanni, P. y Bonaccorsi, G. (2020). Fake News and Covid-19 in Italy: Results of a Quantitative Observational Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5850). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165850
Mun?iz, C. (2011). Bu?squeda de informacio?n durante tiempos de crisis. Efectos de la comunicacio?n interpersonal y masiva en la percepcio?n de riesgo personal ante la gripe AH1N1. Revista de Ciencias Sociales, 17, 9–21.
Muñiz, C. (2020). Media system dependency and change in risk perception during the COVID-19 pandemic. Trípodos, 1(47), 11–26..
Nielsen, K. y Graves, L. (2017). ‘News You Don’t Believe’: Audience Perspectives on Fake News Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, University of Oxford2017. Consultado en https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2017-10/Nielsen%26Graves_factsheet_1710v3_FINAL_download.pdfox.ac.uk/our-research/news-you-dont-believe-audience-perspectives-fake-news>
Nyhan, B. y Reifler, B. (2012). Misinformation and Fact-checking: Research Findings from Social Science. New America Foundation. Consultado en https://www.dartmouth.edu/~nyhan/Misinformation_and_Fact-checking.pdf
Organización Mundial de la Salud (2020, abril 17). Manejo de la Infodemia: un componente clave de la respuesta mundial al COVID-19. Reporte Epidemiológico Semanal,16(95), 145-160. Consultado en https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/WER9516-eng-fre.pdf
Pennycook, G., McPhetres, J., Zhang, Y. y Rand, D. (2020). Fighting COVID-19 misinformation on social media: Experimental evidence for a scalable accuracy nudge intervention. Psychological Science, 31(7), 770-780. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797620939054
Picard, R. y Yeo, M. (2011). Medical and health news and information in
the UK media: The current state of knowledge. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. Consultado en https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2017-11/Media%20and%20UK%20Health.pdf
Pickard, V. (2016). Media Failures in the Age of Trump Victor. The Political Economy of Communication, 4(2), 118–122.
Pulido, C., Villarejo-Carballido, B., Redondo-Sama, G. y Gómez, A. (2020). COVID-19 infodemic: More retweets for science-based information on coronavirus than for false information. International Sociology, 35(4), 377-392. httpps://doi.org/10.1177/0268580920914755
Seale, C. (2002). Media and Health. Sage Publications.
Soederberg Miller, L. y Bell, R. (2011). Online health information seeking: The influence of age, information trustworthiness, and search challenges. J Aging Health, 24(3), 525-41. https://doi.org/10.1177/0898264311428167.
Song, H., Gil de Zúñiga, H. y Boomgaarden, H. (2020). Social Media News Use and Political Cynicism: Differential Pathways Through “News Finds Me” Perception. Mass Communication and Society, 23(1), 47-70. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2019.1651867
Suárez, V., Suárez Quezada, M., Oros Ruiz, S. y Ronquillo de Jesús, E. ( 2020). Epidemiología de COVID-19 en México: del 27 de febrero al 30 de abril de 2020. Revista Clínica Española, 220 (8), 463-471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rce.2020.05.007
Tandoc Jr., E. (2019). The facts of fake news: A research review. Sociology Compass, 13(9), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12724
Tandoc Jr., E., Jenkins, J. y Craft, S. (2019). Fake News as a Critical Incident in Journalism. Journalism Practice, 13 (6), 673-689. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2018.1562958
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (2020). Además de pandemia por COVID-19, México enfrenta propagación de noticias falsas. Boletín UNAM. https://www.dgcs.unam.mx/boletin/bdboletin/2020_318.html
Van Duyn, E. y Collier, J. (2019). Priming and fake news: The effects of elite discourse on evaluations of news media. Mass Communication and Society, 22(1), 29-48. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2018.1511807
Valera, S. (2020, 22 de abril). “Cristina Tardáguila: ‘Estamos ante la peor ola de desinformación de la historia’”. Asociación de la Prensa de Madrid. Consultado el 20 de octubre de 2020 en
https://www.apmadrid.es/cristina-tardaguila-estamos-ante-la-peor-ola-de-desinformacion-de-la-historia
Vos, T., y Thomas, R. (2018). The Discursive Construction of Journalistic Authority in a Post-Truth Age. Journalism Studies 19(13), 2001–2010. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2018.1492879
Wagner, M.C. y Boczkowski, P. (2019). The Reception of Fake News: The Interpretations and Practices That Shape the Consumption of Perceived Misinformation. Digital Journalism, 7(7), 870-885. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2019.1653208
Wang, Y., McKee, M., Torbica, A. y Stuckler, D. (2019). Systematic literature review on the spread of health-related misinformation on social media. Social Science & Medicine, 240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112552
Wasserman, H. y Madrid-Morales, D. (2019). An exploratory study of “fake news” and media trust in Kenya, Nigeria and South Africa. African Journalism Studies, 40 (1), 107-123. http://doi.org/10.1080/23743670.2019.1627230
Xaudiera, S. y Cardenal, A. (2020). Ibuprofen narratives in five European countries during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review, 1. https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-029
Zapata, A. (2020, agosto 16). De marzo a julio, 1, 294 notass falsas sobre covid-19 en Méxicol. Excelsior. Consultado el 20 de octubre de 2020 en https://www.excelsior.com.mx/nacional/de-marzo-a-julio-1294-notas-falsas-sobre-covid-19-en-mexico/1400229
Zaracostas, J. (2020, febrero 20). How to fight an infodemic. The Lancet. Consultado el 20 de octubre de 2020 en https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30461-X/fulltext
Zhang, L., Kong, Y. y Chang, H. (2015). Media use and health behavior in H1N1 flu crisis: The mediating role of perceived knowledge and fear. Atlantic Journal of Communication, 23(2), 67-80. https://doi.org/10.1080/15456870.2015.1013101